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1 achromatic optics
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > achromatic optics
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2 achromatic optics
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > achromatic optics
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3 achromatic optics
Техника: ахроматическая оптическая система -
4 achromatic optics
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5 achromatic optics
The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > achromatic optics
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6 optics
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achromatic optics
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adaptive optics
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anamorphotic optics
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aspheric optics
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camera optics
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cine optics
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coated optics
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coherent fiber optics
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collimating optics
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condensing optics
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continuously deformable mirror optics
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CPB optics
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crystal optics
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deformable optics
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deformable-mirror optics
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diffraction optics
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diffraction-limited optics
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electron optics
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electronically-adjusted optics
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erectable optics
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fast optics
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fiber optics
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flexible optics
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fluorite optics
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folded optics
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Fourier optics
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geometrical optics
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geometric optics
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graphite fiber-reinforced glass matrix composite optics
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high aperture optics
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holographic optics
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illumination optics
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image-forming optics
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incoherent fiber optics
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infrared optics
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integrated optics
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ion beam-forming optics
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ion optics
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large aperture optics
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lens optics
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light-transmission optics
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light optics
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long-focal-length optics
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LWIR optics
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mirror optics
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motion-picture camera optics
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nonlinear optics
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NPB optics
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phase-conjugate optics
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photographic optics
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physical optics
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physiological optics
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piston optics
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polarizing optics
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projection optics
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ray optics
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reduction optics
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reflective optics
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replicated optics
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replica optics
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scanning optics
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schlieren optics
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segmented optics
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self-phasing optics
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slow optics
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speed optics
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ultraviolet optics
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variable anamorphotic optics
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wave optics
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X-ray optics -
7 optics
а) наукав) оптическое оборудование; оптические приборы; оптическая система- adaptive optics
- biospeckle optics
- camera optics
- Cassegrain optics
- coated optics
- collimated optics
- condensing optics
- crystal optics
- diffraction optics
- electron optics
- fiber optics
- Fourier optics
- fractal optics
- Gaussian beam optics
- geometrical optics
- guided-wave optics
- high aperture optics
- holographic optics
- infrared optics
- integrated optics
- interface optics
- ion optics
- large aperture optics
- lens optics
- light optics
- light-transmission optics
- long focal-length optics
- magneto-optics
- matrix optics
- metal optics
- microwave optics
- mirror optics
- molecular optics
- nonlinear optics
- parametric optics
- physical optics
- polarization optics
- projection optics
- quantum optics
- ray optics
- reflective optics
- scanning optics
- schlieren optics
- step-and-repeat optics
- thin-film optics
- ultraviolet optics
- wave optics
- X-ray optics -
8 optics
а) наукав) оптическое оборудование; оптические приборы; оптическая система•- adaptive optics
- biospeckle optics
- camera optics
- Cassegrain optics
- coated optics
- collimated optics
- condensing optics
- crystal optics
- diffraction optics
- electron optics
- fiber optics
- Fourier optics
- fractal optics
- Gaussian beam optics
- geometrical optics
- guided-wave optics
- high aperture optics
- holographic optics
- infrared optics
- integrated optics
- interface optics
- ion optics
- large aperture optics
- lens optics
- light optics
- light-transmission optics
- long focal-length optics
- magneto-optics
- matrix optics
- metal optics
- microwave optics
- mirror optics
- molecular optics
- nonlinear optics
- parametric optics
- physical optics
- polarization optics
- projection optics
- quantum optics
- ray optics
- reflective optics
- scanning optics
- schlieren optics
- step-and-repeat optics
- thin-film optics
- ultraviolet optics
- wave optics
- X-ray opticsThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > optics
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9 achromatic
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10 ахроматическая оптическая система
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > ахроматическая оптическая система
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11 ахроматическая оптическая система
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > ахроматическая оптическая система
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12 ахроматическая оптика
Русско-английский словарь по электронике > ахроматическая оптика
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13 ахроматическая оптика
Русско-английский словарь по радиоэлектронике > ахроматическая оптика
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14 ахроматическая оптическая система
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > ахроматическая оптическая система
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15 ахроматическая оптическая система
1) Engineering: achromatic optics2) Cartography: achromatУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > ахроматическая оптическая система
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16 Steinheil, Carl August von
[br]b. 1801 Roppoltsweiler, Alsaced. 1870 Munich, Germany[br]German physicist, founder of electromagnetic telegraphy in Austria, and photographic innovator and lens designer.[br]Steinheil studied under Gauss at Göttingen and Bessel at Königsberg before jointing his parents at Munich. There he concentrated on optics before being appointed Professor of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Munich in 1832. Immediately after the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes in 1839, he began experiments on photography in association with another professor at the University, Franz von Kobell. Steinheil is reputed to have made the first daguerreotypes in Germany; he certainly constructed several cameras of original design and suggested minor improvements to the daguerreotype process. In 1849 he was employed by the Austrian Government as Head of the Department of Telegraphy in the Ministry of Commerce. Electromagnetic telegraphy was an area in which Steinheil had worked for several years previously, and he was now appointed to supervise the installation of a working telegraphic system for the Austrian monarchy. He is considered to be the founder of electromagnetic telegraphy in Austria and went on to perform a similar role in Switzerland.Steinheil's son, Hugo Adolph, was educated in Munich and Augsburg but moved to Austria to be with his parents in 1850. Adolph completed his studies in Vienna and was appointed to the Telegraph Department, headed by his father, in 1851. Adolph returned to Munich in 1852, however, to concentrate on the study of optics. In 1855 the father and son established the optical workshop which was later to become the distinguished lens-manufacturing company C.A. Steinheil Söhne. At first the business confined itself almost entirely to astronomical optics, but in 1865 the two men took out a joint patent for a wide-angle photographic lens claimed to be free of distortion. The lens, called the "periscopic", was not in fact free from flare and not achromatic, although it enjoyed some reputation at the time. Much more important was the achromatic development of this lens that was introduced in 1866 and called the "Aplanet"; almost simultaneously a similar lens, the "Rapid Rentilinear", was introduced by Dallmeyer in England, and for many years lenses of this type were fitted as the standard objective on most photographic cameras. During 1866 the elder Steinheil relinquished his interest in lens manufacturing, and control of the business passed to Adolph, with administrative and financial affairs being looked after by another son, Edward. After Carl Steinheil's death Adolph continued to design and market a series of high-quality photographic lenses until his own death.[br]Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York (a general account of the Steinheils's work).Most accounts of photographic lens history will give details of the Steinheils's more important work. See, for example, Chapman Jones, 1904, Science and Practice of Photography, 4th edn, London: and Rudolf Kingslake, 1989, A History of the Photographic Lens, Boston.JWBiographical history of technology > Steinheil, Carl August von
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17 Guinand, Pierre Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 20 April 1748 Brenets, Neuchâtel, Switzerlandd. 13 February 1824 Brenets, Neuchâtel, Switzerland[br]Swiss optical glassmaker.[br]Guinand received little formal education and followed his father's trade of joiner. He specialized in making clock cases, but after learning how to cast metals he took up the more lucrative work of making watch cases. When he was about 20 years old, in a customer's house he caught sight of an English telescope, a rarity in a Swiss mountain village. Intrigued, he obtained permission to examine it. This aroused his interest in optical matters and he began making spectacles and small telescopes.Achromatic lenses were becoming known, their use being to remove the defect of chromatic aberration or coloured optical images, but there remained defects due to imperfections in the glass itself. Stimulated by offers of prizes by scientific bodies, including the Royal Society of London, for removing these defects, Guinand set out to remedy them. He embarked in 1784 on a long and arduous series of experiments, varying the materials and techniques for making glass. The even more lucrative trade of making bells for repeaters provided the funds for a furnace capable of holding 2 cwt (102 kg) of molten glass. By 1798 or so he had succeeded in making discs of homogeneous glass. He impressed the famous Parisian astronomer de Lalande with them and his glass became well enough known for scientists to visit him. In 1805 Fraunhofer persuaded Guinand to join his optical-instrument works at Benediktheurn, in Bavaria, to make lenses. After nine years, Guinand returned to Brenets with a pension, on condition he made no more glass and disclosed no details of his methods. After two years these conditions had become irksome and he relinquished the pension. On 19 February 1823 Guinand described his discoveries in his classic "Memoir on the making of optical glass, more particularly of glass of high refractive index for use in the production of achromatic lenses", presented to the Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève. This gives details of his experiments and investigations and discusses a suitable pot-clay stirrer and stirring mechanism for the molten glass, with temperature control, to overcome optical-glass defects such as bubbles, seeds, cords and colours. Guinand was hailed as the man in Europe who had achieved this and has thus rightly been called the founder of the era of optical glassmaking.[br]Further ReadingThe fullest account in English of Guinand's life and work is 'Some account of the late M. Guinand and of the discovery made by him in the manufacture of flint glass for large telescopes by F.R., extracted from the Bibliothèque Universelle des Sciences, trans.C.F.de B.', Quart.J.Sci.Roy.Instn.Lond. (1825) 19: 244–58.M.von Rohr, 1924, "Pierre Louis Guinand", Zeitschrift für Instr., 46:121, 139, with an English summary in J.Glass. Tech., (1926) 10: abs. 150–1.LRD -
18 Petzval, Josef Max
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1807 Spisska-Beila, Hungaryd. 17 September 1891 Vienna, Austria[br]Hungarian mathematician and photographic-lens designer, inventor of the first "rapid" portrait lens.[br]Although born in Hungary, Petzval was the son of German schoolteacher. He studied engineering at the University of Budapest and after graduation was appointed to the staff as a lecturer. In 1835 he became the University's Professor of Higher Mathematics. Within a year he was offered a similar position at the more prestigious University of Vienna, a chair he was to occupy until 1884.The earliest photographic cameras were fitted with lenses originally designed for other optical instruments. All were characterized by small apertures, and the long exposures required by the early process were in part due to the "slow" lenses. As early as 1839, Petzval began calculations with the idea of producing a fast achromatic objective for photographic work. For technical advice he turned to the Viennese optician Peter Voigtländer, who went on to make the first Petzval portrait lens in 1840. It had a short focal length but an extremely large aperture for the day, enabling exposure times to be reduced to at least one tenth of that required with other contemporary lenses. The Petzval portrait lens was to become the basic design for years to come and was probably the single most important development in making portrait photography possible; by capturing public imagination, portrait photography was to drive photographic innovation during the early years.Petzval later fell out with Voigtländer and severed his connection with the company in 1845. When Petzval was encouraged to design a landscape lens in the 1850s, the work was entrusted to another Viennese optician, Dietzler. Using some early calculations by Petzval, Voigtländer was able to produce a similar lens, which he marketed in competition, and an acrimonious dispute ensued. Petzval, embittered by the quarrel and depressed by a burglary which destroyed years of records of his optical work, abandoned optics completely in 1862 and devoted himself to acoustics. He retired from his professorship on his seventieth birthday, respected by his colleagues but unloved, and lived the life of a recluse until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Hungarian Academy of Science 1873.Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (provides details of Petzval's life and work; Eder claims he was introduced to Petzval by mutual friends and succeeded in obtaining personal data).Rudolf Kingslake, 1989, A History of the Photographic Lens, Boston (brief biographical details).L.W.Sipley, 1965, Photography's Great Inventors, Philadelphia (brief biographical details).JW -
19 Ross, Andrew
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1798 London, England d. 1859[br]English optical-instrument maker, founder of a photographic-lens making dynasty.[br]Apprenticed to the optical-instrument maker Gilbert at the age of 14, Ross rose to become Manager of the factory before leaving to found his own business in 1830. He soon earned a reputation for fine craftsmanship and was the first optician in England to produce achromatic microscope objectives. He had an early involvement with photography, perhaps before the public announcements in 1839, for he supplied lenses and instruments to Talbot. On hearing of Petzval's portrait lens, he made a highaperture portrait lens to his own design for the first professional calotypist, Henry Collan. It was unsuccessful, however, and Ross did little more photographic work of note, although his son Thomas and his son-in-law and one-time apprentice, John Henry Dallmeyer, made significant contributions to English photographic optics. Both Thomas and Dallmeyer were left large sums of money on Andrew's death, and independently they established successful businesses; they were to become the two most important suppliers of photographic lenses in England.[br]Further ReadingRudolf Kingslake, 1989, A History of the Photographic Lens, Boston (a brief biography of Ross).J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London.JW -
20 нейтральный
1) General subject: indifferent, n, neuter, neutral, non aligned, non-aligned, inert, uncommitted2) Military: chargeless3) Bookish: adiaphorous4) Agriculture: acid-free (о реакции питательной среды, о почве)5) Law: neutralized6) Automobile industry: intermediate7) Optics: achromatic, gray8) Politics: unaligned9) Photo: (Neutral Color, о фильтре) NC10) Banking: flat (о позиции участника финансового рынка)11) Polymers: noninhibitive13) Computer games: non-player14) Cement: stressless
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См. также в других словарях:
achromatic lens — Optics. a system of two or more lenses that is substantially free from chromatic aberration and in which the lenses are made of different substances so that the focal length of the system is the same for two or three wavelengths of light. Also… … Universalium
achromatic prism — Optics. a system of two or more prisms of different substances that deflects but does not disperse a beam of light. * * * … Universalium
optics — /op tiks/, n. (used with a sing. v.) the branch of physical science that deals with the properties and phenomena of both visible and invisible light and with vision. [1605 15; < ML optica < Gk optiká, n. use of neut. pl. of OPTIKÓS; see OPTIC,… … Universalium
Achromatic condenser — Condenser Con*dens er, n. 1. One who, or that which, condenses. [1913 Webster] 2. (Physic) (a) An instrument for condensing air or other elastic fluids, consisting of a cylinder having a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, and a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
achromatic — adj. Optics 1 that transmitts light without separating it into constituent colours (achromatic lens). 2 without colour (achromatic fringe). Derivatives: achromatically adv. achromaticity n. achromatism n. Etymology: F achromatique f. Gk… … Useful english dictionary
achromatic — achromatically, adv. /ak reuh mat ik, ay kreuh /, adj. 1. Optics. a. free from color. b. able to emit, transmit, or receive light without separating it into colors. 2. Biol. (of a cell structure) difficult to stain. 3. Music. without accidentals… … Universalium
achromatic — /eɪkrəˈmætɪk / (say aykruh matik) adjective 1. of colour perceived to have no saturation, and therefore no hue, such as neutral greys. 2. Optics free from chromatic aberration. 3. Biology a. containing or consisting of achromatin. b. resisting… …
achromatic prism — noun : a prism made by combining two or more prisms of different refractive index so designed and placed that a ray of white or other nonhomogeneous light passing through the prism is deviated but not dispersed into a spectrum compare amici prism … Useful english dictionary
Non-achromatic objective — A non achromatic objective is an objective lens which is not corrected for chromatic aberration. In telescopes they can a be pre 18th century simple single element objective lenses which were used before the invention of doublet achromatic lenses … Wikipedia
Crown glass (optics) — This article is about crown glass as used in optics. For the window glass, see Crown glass (window). Crown glass is type of optical glass used in lenses and other optical components. It has relatively low refractive index (≈1.52) and low… … Wikipedia
Nonimaging optics — (also called anidolic optics)[1][2] is the branch of optics concerned with the optimal transfer of light radiation between a source and a target. Unlike traditional imaging optics, the techniques involved do not attempt to form an image of the… … Wikipedia